Where are the windows system icons located?

There is not an “exact” icon for the special folders you mention. What you will find in windows is a variety of ways to assign any icon you please to the object (folder, file, executable, Etc.)
There are a number of windows icons stored on dlls and executables, that you can use at your liking, as Andrew pointed out. However, it is recommended that you analyze one of the windows files that contains common icons (like rundll32.exe) with a resource analyzer.
When you decide which icon to use for your purpose, you have to programmatically extract it at runtime. You will have to know the index of the icon you want to use. The index is like the serial number that indicates the position of the resource icon inside the file you want to extract it from.
Alternatively you can use standalone icons and assign them instead of the stock ones. This allows you to create the icons yourself with an icon editor.